Today we will look at some of the more frequently used myths about homosexuality, and see if there is any basis in reality.
1) Homosexuals are demanding special rights.
Our Constitution guarantees everyone shall have "equal protection under the law." Homosexual activists are working towards gaining that equal (not special) protection under the law, to stop the discrimination and abuse they current suffer at society's hands.
2) Homosexuality is a choice.
Scientists have known for some time now that some people are born with a genetic predisposition towards homosexuality, while others make a lifestyle choice. This is generally called the "nature vs. nurture argument." Genetic scientists have accomplished the most important part of the scientific method (of research) in this matter, in that they have been able to reproduce their results. These scientists do not yet know the exact gene that causes the predisposition towards homosexuality, but they do know what string it is on, and with this they are able to narrow the search.
A genetic predisposition towards homosexuality means that as a person ages, they will realize they are attracted to members of the same sex more than members of the opposite sex. They have on control over this genetic tendency, it would be like trying to control what color eyes or hair one has, how tall one is, what facial features one has, etc. Your genes determine your body's structure, including your sexual attractions.
If we believe in God, and if we believe that God made man(kind), that would include man(kind)'s genetic structure. Therefore, since homosexuals are such due to genetic predisposition (from their genetic structure), then logically it follows that God included this in making man(kind). For those that believe God cannot make a mistake, accusing homosexuals of being "abominations", "deviants" or whatever else, means you are saying God made a mistake, thus violating your own beliefs in making such a claim about homosexuals.
3) Homosexuality is always wrong.
At this point, we must distinguish between the sexual orientation of homosexuality, and physical acts of homosexuality. When we're talking about the sexual orientation of homosexuality, we are talking about someone with a genetic predisposition towards attraction to others of the same sex, but it stops there. It is just a state of being, period. It does not necessarily include lust, which is a far stronger form of attraction, and it does not include sex acts.
When we're talking about physical acts of homosexuality, we're talking about physical acts of sex between two or more consenting adult members of the same sex.
It is very important to distinguish between the state of being, and physical actions.
So let's look at this question from a biblical and a secular point of view.
4) The Bible says homosexuality is wrong.
There are three sections of the Bible that people usually cite when trying to claim that it is condemned by God. These are Leviticus, Genesis and the Epistles of St. Paul.
The Torah is the primary source for Jewish views on homosexuality. It states that: "[A man] shall not lie with another man as [he would] with a woman, it is a to'eva" (Leviticus 18:22).
The term to'eva is usually translated as "abomination". However, because the word is used twice in regards to homosexuality, its second use has been understood by the Talmud to be a contraction of the words to'eh hu va, meaning "He is deviating from what is natural." (literally "He is wandering with it [from the natural way of the world]" since the Hebrew word to'e means "He is wandering", va "with it"). [2]
It should be noted that in order to receive the death sentence under Jewish law, the offense must have been witnessed by two men of good repute, at least one of those men must have told the offender - during the commission of his act - that what he was doing was likely to bring a death sentence, the offender must have acknowledged understanding what was said and continued with his action anyway, both of the male witnesses must testify in court, and if the offender was found guilty one of the male witnesses must carry out the sentence of death. If either of the male witnesses lied, they were considered guilty of murder.
Also, the greatest Jewish philosopher in history - Maimonides - wrote, in his Guide to the Perplexed, that the Levitical prohibition was not about being a homosexual, rather it was about man's unbridled lust, and a prohibition of the Canaanite practice of using teenage boys as prostitutes. Even the early Jewish leaders recognized that there was a difference between a sexual orientation and a sexual action.
As for Christians - we are primarily to follow the teachings of Christ, over and above anyone else. You can read Christ's teachings in the Gospels over and over without finding a single word in condemnation of homosexuality. Not. A. Single. Word.
St. Paul spent quite a bit of time condemning all forms of sexual interaction, although we know that Paul was not the sole author of his Epistles. Modern biblical scholars now believe that at least four separate persons wrote what we commonly think of as Paul's letters (epistles). Why did Paul spend so much time condemning all forms of sexual interaction and intimacy? There are many theories, and there is not room enough here to go into them. The most prominent current theory is put forth by Bishop John Shelby Spong, and can be found at http://www.beliefnet.com/story/142/story_14299_1.html . (Note I am not taking a position on this theory, I am just presenting it as one of the more popular current theories.)
When there is a conflict between what Christ taught and what St. Paul taught, I always council my congregants to remember that the term "Christian" literally means "follower of Christ". In choosing between whether to believe Jesus Christ or St. Paul, there doesn't seem to be a choice. We are not "Paulians", we are "Christians." (speaking for myself and fellow Christians) In deciding whether God - in the incarnation of Jesus - or St. Paul would be more knowledgeable, I would always choose God.
5) Sodom and Gomorrah were destroyed for homosexuality.
Biblical scholars, looking at the story of these two cities, are convinced that they were destroyed for a far more serious sin - that of denying hospitality. In the days of long, dangerous trips across the desert, hospitality to strangers was of paramount importance, and Sodom already had a horrible reputation for denying such hospitality while they concentrated on their own indulgences. When the angels visited Lot and the townspeople tried to take them from Lot, they committed an extreme violation of the traditions of hospitality. [3]
6) Later biblical verses condemn Sodomites as homosexuals.
That is a common misconception. Rather, the prophets charge the Sodomites with a variety of other offenses, including a lack of justice (Isaiah 1:10; 3:9), a general disregard of moral and ethical values (Jeremiah 23:14) and ignoring the needs of the impoverished (Ezekiel 16:48-49). These themes are picked up later by the rabbis of the Talmud who describe the Sodomites as mean, inhospitable, uncharitable and unjust. [3]
7) Homosexuals, including lesbians, shouldn't adopt children, they will grow up without normal human values, they could grow up gay.
This is making a false assumption that being gay is contagious. If someone who is gay sneezes on you, are you going to suddenly become gay? Of course not.
As to children of lesbian couples, studies have shown that children born to lesbian couples grow up well adjusted and happy. [4]
8) Counseling can cure homosexuality.
To begin with, this is based on the false premise that homosexuality is a disease, that it is something that needs to be cured. Reparative therapy has not been shown to effect long-term change in anyone's sexual orientation, but it has been shown to be harmful to those who undergo it, as it forcefully suppresses the person's natural sexual instincts. This is why both the American Psychological Association and the American Medical Association have condemned reparative therapy and outlawed it. Anyone caught practicing it risks losing their license, as they are inflicting harm instead of doing good.
9) Homosexuals are responsible for the continuing spread of HIV/AIDS.
This is another popular misconception. According to the UN's Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, the most rapidly rising demographic of HIV/AIDS victims are heterosexual women in sub-Saharan Africa. Throughout much of the rest of the world, HIV/AIDS rates have stabilized, and the primary cause of HIV/AIDS transmission today is unprotected (no condom) heterosexual sex.
10) Homosexuals are child molestors.
This theory was authoritatively disproven in the 1950's (see Journal of Projective Techniques, below in the Studies section). Children are most frequently molested by a heterosexual male that they know and trust.
11) Homosexuality is destroying marriages.
Lack of trust, adultery and the ease of obtaining a divorce are destroying marriages. Without a solid foundation of trust and fidelity, a marriage cannot survive the numerous perils it faces in today's world. The ease of obtaining a divorce allows one argument to quickly end a marriage. Wedding vows say "Till death do us part", not "Till someone better comes along."
[1] A Separate Creation: The Search for the Biological Origins of Sexual Orientation, available in hardback from Barnes & Noble or Amazon.com
[1a] The Gay Gene: Human Handedness & Human Sexual Orientation
[2] Homosexuality and Judaism - ReligionFacts
[3] TorahQuest Commentary - "The Sins of Sodom" [4] Lesbians' kids develop normally
[5] http://data.unaids.org/pub/GlobalReport/2006/2006_GR_CH02_en.pdf
MORE RESOURCES:
A Season for Inclusion — A Jewish Magazine, an Interfaith Movement
BOOKS
Burr, Chandler A Separate Creation: The Search for the Biological Origins of Sexual Orientation, Hyperion, New York, NY. 1996
Green, Richard "The Sissy Boy Syndrome" and the Development of Homosexuality Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.1987.
Hamer, Dean The Science of Desire Simon & Schuster, New York, NY. 1995
LeVay, Simon Queer Science MIT Press, Boston, MA. 1996
LeVay, Simon The Sexual Brain MIT Press, Boston, MA. 1993
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES
Laura Allen, Melissa Hines, James Shryne, and Roger Gorski, "Two Sexually Dimorphic Cell Groups in the Human Brain," Journal of Neuroscience 9 (2)(1989): 497-506.
J. Michael Bailey and Richard Pillard, "A Genetic Study of Male Sexual Orientation," Archives of General Psychiatry 48 (December 1991): 1089-96. (This is the best known of the studies for concordance rates in twins. There are others.)
J. Michael Bailey and Richard Pillard, et al. "Heritable Factors Influence Sexual Orientation in Women," Archives of General Psychiatry 50 (March 1993):217-223.
J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker, "Childhood Sex-Typed Behavior and Sexual Orientation: a Conceptual Analysis and Quantitative Review" Developmental Psychology 31 [1] (1995): 43-55. Finding: about 75% of boys who exhibit "extremely feminine behavior" are gay as adults and about 10% of girls who exhibit "extremely masculine" behavior are lesbians as adults. For boys and girls who, respectively, display "feminine" and "masculine" behavior, in adulthood 51% and 6% are homosexual.
William Byne and Bruce Parsons, "Human Sexual Orientation: the Biologic Theories Reappraised," in Archives of General Psychiatry, Vol 50, March 1993:pp. 228-239.
R. C. Friedman, F. Wollesen, and R. Tendler, "Psychological Development and Blood Levels of Sex Steroids in Male Identical Twins of Divergent Sexual Orientation," Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders 163 (1976): 282-288.
R. W. Goy and J.A. Resko, "Gonadal Hormones and Behavior of Normal and Pseudohermaphroditic Nonhuman Female Primates," Recent Progress in Hormonal Research 28, (1972): 707-733. Of particular significance is that using hormones, Goy has also succeeded in masculinizing behavior in female rhesus monkeys without masculinizing their bodies. NOTA BENE social constructionists and environmentalists: Critics had argued that the correct interpretation of the early work with androgenized rhesus was that their masculine behavior was due simply to the fact that they looked male; therefore their peers treated them as though they were male; therefore they acted male. This anthropomorphic argument is notably disproven by Goy's feat: R. W. Goy, F. B.Bercovitch, and M. C. McBriar, "Behavioral Masculinization in Independent of Genital Masculinization in Prenatally Androgenized Female Rhesus Macaques," Horm. Behav. 22 (1988): 552-71.
Dean H. Hamer, Stella Hu, Victoria Magnuson, Nan Hu, Angela M.L. Pattatucci,"A Linkage Between DNA Markers on the X Chromosome and Male Sexual Orientation," Science 261 (July 16, 1993): 321-7.
Dean H. Hamer and Angela Pattatucci et. al. "Linkage Between Sexual Orientation and Chromosome Xq28 in Males But Not in Females," Nature Genetics 11 (November 1995).
Evelyn Hooker, "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual," Journal of Projective Techniques 21 (1957): 18. The theory of a connection between sexual molestation and homosexual orientation was studied in the 1950s and 1970s and, no correlation being found, was dispensed with. Data has, in fact, established that heterosexuals are more likely to molest children than homosexuals. See work of Charlotte Patterson, University of Virginia.
Simon LeVay "A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure Between Heterosexual and Homosexual Men," Science 253 (August 30, 1991): 1034-7.
Heino Meyer-Bahlburg, "Psychoendocrine Research on Sexual Orientation; Current Status and Future Options," Progress in Brain Research 61 (1984):375-98.
D. F. Swaab and M. A. Hofman, "An Enlarged Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Homosexual Men," Brain Research 537 (1990): 141-148.
Frederick L. Whitam, Milton Diamond, and James Martin, in"Homosexual Orientation in Twins: A Report on 61 Pairs and Three Triplet Sets" (Archives of Sexual Behavior 22 [3] (1993), arrive at a 65.8% concordance for homosexuality for MZ twins and 30.4% for DZ twins. (MZ pairswere 34 male, 4 female.) There were also three sets of triplets; in two of the sets, there was a MZ pair concordant for homosexuality and one DZ sibling, who was heterosexual, while the MZ triplet pair were all three concordant for homosexuality. The figures slightly differ from those found byBailey and Pillard, but the percentage ratios, which is the fundamentally important point, are almost identical. More extensive work will be needed to establish precise percentages for MZ and DZ concordance. Arriving at a concordance figure for MZ twins for any trait presents difficulties, primarily due to the differences between pair-wise versus proband-wise concordance measurements. Proband-wise concordance always inflates the true concordance, so a researcher must know the population base rate of the trait. (Obviously, the lower the population frequency, the more robust a particular rate appears). Also, in proband-wise concordance, a twin and a co-twin can, due to the logic of the method, be counted as two concordant pairs. However, proband-wise concordance carries some statistical advantages